An ______________________ is a formal declaration before an authorized official by a person, who has executed a formal or legal written document that the execution of the document was the person's free act and deed.

• A. Affirmation
• B. Acknowledgment
• C. Affidavit
• D. Certification

Answer: (B)

An acknowledgment is a formal declaration before an authorized official that the signer personally appeared and that the signing was their free act and deed. In practice, the signer comes before a notary, the notary verifies the signer’s identity, and the signer confirms that they signed the document willingly. This certification focuses on the act of signing, not the truth of the document’s content.

This differs from an affidavit, which is a sworn statement of facts made under oath. It also differs from a certification, which generally attests to the authenticity of copies or other formal attestations, not the act of signing a document. An affirmation is similar to an oath but without religious connotations; the essential idea here is the signer’s voluntary act of signing, which is what an acknowledgment records.